Electronic Means Of Communication Research Articles

Technical supervision in criminal proceedings

The principle of finding out the truth is one of the fundamental principles of the criminal process. Within it, the reactions of the individual who harm the values protected by criminal norms are analyzed, aiming to guarantee the rights of the parties and other participants, as well as the efficient exercise of the duties of the judicial bodies.
 Although the purpose of criminal proceedings is no longer effectively enshrined in the Code of Criminal Procedure, the notion is nevertheless found in Article 8 of the Code of Criminal Procedure under the title "Fairness and reasonable term of criminal proceedings". It stipulates that criminal prosecution and trial must be conducted in compliance with procedural guarantees and the rights of parties and procedural subjects in such a way that facts constituting criminal offences are ascertained in a timely and complete manner, no innocent person is held criminally responsible and any individual who has committed a crime is punished according to law,  within a reasonable time.
 According to Article 97 para. (1) Code of Criminal Procedure, evidence is those realities, events, circumstances that serve to establish the existence or non-existence of a crime, as well as to the identity of the person who committed it. Thus, evidence comprises three interconnected and interdependent elements: evidence, means of proof and evidentiary procedures. The literature states that by introducing this system, "a more effective control over the manner of taking evidence can be established. Moreover, the analysis of the evidence will be possible only in terms of form, so that it complies with the law, while the analysis of the evidentiary procedures will concern the technical operation by which that means of evidence was obtained."
 The use of technical supervision as an evidentiary procedure in criminal proceedings is a topical topic, given the technological leap in communication and information that has taken place in recent years. We note that in the title dedicated to evidence (Title IV) of the New Code of Criminal Procedure we find a new chapter (Chapter IV), which refers to special surveillance or investigation techniques. This legislation seeks to strike a balance between ensuring the State's right to use new evidentiary procedures and respecting the right to privacy and the secrecy of correspondence.
 Thus, Article 138 para. (1) The Code of Criminal Procedure expressly and exhaustively provides for special technical surveillance techniques, as follows: letter (a) interception of conversations and communications; lit.(b) access to an information system; lit.(c) video, audio or photographic surveillance; (d) tracking or tracing by technical means; lit.(e) obtaining data on a person's financial transactions. Interception is defined as the intervention of authorized bodies in any kind of conversations or in any other electronic means of communication involving the idea of confidentiality.
 The results of the technical surveillance activity are recorded in the report, which will thus become a genuine means of evidence, being concluded in accordance with the provisions of Article 143 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Also, Articles 139-146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provide for the cases that allow such restrictive measures against human rights and freedoms to be taken, the conditions to be met, the bodies authorized to carry out these activities, as well as the ways of verifying these means of evidence.
 Obtaining evidence by means of these special evidentiary procedures requires a carefully organized activity consisting in tracking the data subjects, the activities they carry out, the individuals with whom they come into contact, as well as the interception of any communication dip between them. This type of evidence was appreciated as a real modernization of the evidentiary system in criminal proceedings

THE DEGREE OF USE ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS AND THE CHALLENGES IN USING IT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN EAST JERUSALEM FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF TEACHERS

The study aimed to identify the degree of use of electronic media in the educational process and the challenges in using it in secondary schools in East Jerusalem from the point of view of teachers. To verify the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method by constructing a questionnaire consisting of (19) items. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of (402) male and female teachers, from the study population consisting of (1564) male and female teachers. The results of the study concluded that the degree of use of electronic communication means in the educational process was moderate, with the overall tool obtaining a mean of (3.37). Likewise, the degree of challenges in using them in secondary schools in East Jerusalem from the point of view of teachers was moderate, with the overall tool obtaining an average of (3.37). The arithmetic mean was (3.22), and there were no statistically significant differences attributed to the gender variable, and there were statistically significant differences attributed to the immersion variable in favor of teachers who were less than 30 years old

Legislative Initiatives for Improving the Interaction among the Educational Process Participants: Criminological Perspective

Introduction. The use of smartphones as a learning tool in schools is prohibited by the Russian law. As it is well known, the scientific and technological progress has induced active implementation of the electronic devices into the everyday life of all categories of citizens, and the system of education has not been an exception. To systematise the use of the electronic devices in the education system, the legislators have submitted to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation a draft law, which reflects the revised attitude to the modern means of communication. However, the reaction of the scientific community to this proposal has been extremely contradictive and contained both positive and negative arguments. The aim of the present research is to study the expediency and justification of using the means of electronic communication in the educational institutions, to analyse the criminological problems arising in this field, and to assess the legislative initiatives and opinions of the scientists of different scientific specialties referring to improving the interaction among the educational process participants.Materials and Methods. The overview analysis of the scientific criminological literature and respective legislation regarding the expediency and justification of using the means of communication for the educational purposes was carried out in the frame of the research. Among the methodological tools there were used the commonly accepted in Russia methods of scientific cognition: general scientific (dialectical method) and specific scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, logical, comparative legal, systemic methods).Results. In the frame of the research, the analysis of the various scientific opinions on acceptability of using the means of communication for the educational purposes was made. The criminological problems arising in this field and the existing legal regulation were studied, the opinions of scientists of different scientific specialties on this matter were evaluated. The conclusion about the negative effect of the long-term usage of a device on the learner’s academic progression was made, even though it was used for the educational purposes. According to the scientists’ opinion, this dependency can be explained by multitasking: the mobile phones have many applications and functions that naturally lead to frequent switching from one task to another, which happens in the educational process too. This entails worsening the quality of perception of the material. To change the situation, the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) and the Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science (Rosobrnadzor) have developed the recommendations for the educational institutions and state authorities on reducing the negative impact of mobile devices on learners.Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the conducted research have led to the conclusion that the total prohibition of the means of communication usage for the educational purposes significantly complicates and slows down the development of learners’ cognitive activity. Moreover, the opinion of some of the researchers about potential threats caused by children having devices in an educational institution does not seem convincing from a criminological point of view, because a smartphone can act as a guaranty of child’s security, the means of communication with his parents and monitoring his movement and condition. The paragraph 3.5.3 of the sanitary rules and norms SP (СП) 2.4.3648-20, which regulates the prohibition of the mobile means of communication usage for the educational purposes at the lessons, should be revised. In our opinion, it should not be the prohibition, but the control over the usage of the electronic devices in the educational process.

Digital Revolution and Democracy in Africa: Freedom of Expression Revitalized

The advent of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has revolutionized the daily lives of Africans, particularly in the areas of governance and politics. The main objective is to show that ICTs have fostered freedom of expression in Africa. Explanatory and demonstrative methods have been used to show firstly that ICTs are socio-political transformers, secondly that ICTs have created the possibility of free expression in Africa, and thirdly that ICTs make democracy and good governance effective in Africa. In politics, ICTs have ushered in a new era of information liberalization, which in turn has led to effective freedom of expression on the African continent. However, it is important to control the use of these technologies if they are to be a lever for democracy and good governance. The political participation of Africans in the digital public sphere requires us to adopt a dynamic approach that accepts a concept that varies in time and space, depending on the means available to individuals at a given moment. The advent of the Internet has profoundly changed the way Africans act and, in a space of a few years, has become an important vector for communication and political action. The revolution brought about by the new electronic means of communication has made relations between members of the community much more fluid.

ELECTRONIC STOCK TRADING GUARANTEES

The electronic trading of shares is one of the modern technical systems through which the sale or purchase of shares is carried out through the new electronic means of communication. which contributes to the speed of access to information to investors and ease of dealing in the stock market. and the investor should be aware and familiar with the rules that govern trading in the market through knowledge of the legal rules that regulate the trading process as well as the rules set by the legislator to regulate the control of the trading process. which is one of the important guarantees for the implementation of For the same reason. the legislator limited trading operations to the broker through the technology it provides for the trading process with market knowledge and specified the duties of the broker. which. once one of them breached. was subjected to legal liability. Based on the foregoing. we decided to divide the research into two sections. the first section deals with the control of electronic trading of shares and the second section deals with the responsibility of the broker

Ensuring Legal Safeguards for Digitalized Social Services within the Framework of Government Decentralization

The purpose of the study is to digitize the social services system in the context of decentralization of power: legal regulation and areas of improvement. Main content. It has been established that new online services are being introduced in Ukraine to enable consumers to receive such services virtually. In our opinion, in the future, these services should simplify the procedure for access to them, taking into account the entities which are primarily interested in using them, and expand the scope of their provision: from informing the consumer to obtaining the result. The society and science development requires the introduction of new technologies into the service system. It has been concluded that the need to use information technologies in judicial proceedings is due to the global informational support of modern society, and development of new interaction forms in the social area using electronic means of communication: the global Internet, mobile and satellite communication systems. The author reveals the essence of "Portal Diia", which is introduced within the framework of the Unified Social Information System of a single electronic document in the social matters, and highlighted the disadvantage of this application: ensuring the protection of personal data, and access to information about the citizen sphere of interests accumulated in computer networks.

Ways to Obtain the Consent of the Subject of Personal Data for Their Processing in the Process of Organizing Educational Online Courses

   The authors, using an example from their teaching practice, consider a special case of obtaining and processing the consent of the subject of personal data to the processing of personal data. The relationship between an educational organization and students of online advanced training courses is taken as an example. The authors show the problems they faced as organizers of educational activities and share their experience in solving these problems. They come to the conclusion that consent to the processing of personal data can be obtained using such electronic means of communication and datatransmission as e-mail, the Yandex Forms service and similar services. The use of these electronic means of communication allows you to quickly and economically solve some organizational issues that arise in educational practice.

Goal-setting and implementation of communicative goals in the transmission of Internet content in network business correspondence

The spread of electronic means of communication has given rise to a wide range of communicative situations and, accordingly, has opened up new aspects of communicative phenomena that require research from the standpoint of different scientific disciplines. One of the tasks of scientific research is, according to the authors, the study of the construction of a message that implements the motivational components of communicants. From a scientific point of view, such a study makes it possible to identify patterns of reflection in speech communication of the elements of the psychological structure of the authors and the features and communicative strategy that they choose in this communication situation. In practical terms, the data obtained in such a study can be considered from the standpoint of preventing typical mistakes in the organization of interpersonal dialogue in network discourse, and the analysis will contribute to improving the effectiveness of virtual interaction. Using the terminology of information theory, the authors explain that in fact, the interaction unfolding in social networks, forums and blogs is not limited to the transmission and reception of content. In psychological science, each act of communication is considered in the unity of four components, namely: actually information exchange, perception by communicators of each other, building some kind of joint activity, as well as broadcasting and perception of emotions. In the context of studying communicative strategies, the authorsanalyzed how strategies and tactics of communicative dialogue are chosen, how expedient they are, in accordance with the actualized task of the act of communication, and how optimally strategically designed they are.

Mobile telecommunication devices as carriers of important evidentiary information: prospects and research problems

The article is devoted to the problems of studying modern mobile telecommunications. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that today there is no sphere of public life where modern electronic means of communication are not used. Any activity to maintain its level requires the active use of modern technical communicators that allow almost instantaneous receipt, processing, and sending of large amounts of information. A significant part of such technical devices are mobile phones or smartphones, which are one of the most common tools (means) in the commission of criminal offences.
 A mobile phone, like any other instrument or means of committing a crime, leaves traces in space and time when it is used. Some of these traces are electronic (digital), which are stored on the phone itself. The research paper examines the main ways to obtain information stored on a mobile device, in particular, through: 1) inspection of the device at the scene of the incident; 2) investigative inspection of the device already seized during criminal proceedings; 3) appointment and conduct of forensic examination. The investigative examination has a serious advantage over the appointment of an expert examination in the context of the speed of its conduct and obtaining results. This is a very important factor, especially if the required information is either small in volume or in the public domain. However, the review completely excludes the process of examining the phone. A detailed investigation is part of a forensic examination, which is a much longer process in terms of procedural, organisational and technical aspects. However, the amount of information obtained in this case is incomparably greater and some of the information can be obtained only through in-depth analysis of the contents of the mobile device. In addition to the prospects of these approaches, the paper also highlights some problems associated with the preparation and conduct of expert investigations of mobile phones or smartphones, in particular, procedural and technical ones (the need to obtain permits for the use of destructive research methods, the lack of necessary technical and software equipment for experts, etc.).

Legal regulations of electronic commerce under the conditions of the development of the digital economy in Ukraine

The article highlights the main legal principles of e-commerce regulation in the context of the development of the digital economy in Ukraine. On the basis of scientific and legal analysis, the peculiarities of electronic commerce as one of the forms of economic activity that arose in the conditions of the digital economy are determined. It is substantiated that e-commerce is the type of electronic business, which involves the sale of goods or services, as well as related processes, remotely using information and communication technologies.
 The main scientific approaches to understanding the content of electronic commerce and its elements are characterized. The advantages of e-commerce in comparison with other forms of economic activity are outlined. It has been proven that an important condition for the functioning of electronic commerce is the presence of payment systems that allow making payments on the Internet or in another remote way.
 A review of statistical data regarding the current state of development of e-commerce in Ukraine was conducted and conclusions were drawn about further directions for the development of this form of economic activity.
 Acts of national legislation in the field of electronic commerce regulation are characterized. The main elements of legal relations arising in the field of e-commerce, which are regulated by law, and those for which there is no legal regulation are defined. The authors identified gaps in legal regulation in the field of e-commerce at the current stage of development of the digital economy. Among them: 1) unsettled issues regarding the protection of consumer rights from false advertising information contained on websites or electronic advertisements, as well as from unsolicited advertising sent via e-mail or other means of electronic communication; 2) uncertainty of all important terms of the electronic contract, which must be necessarily included in its content; 3) insufficient legal regulation of information protection, including personal data of consumers, which become known to the economic entity in connection with the implementation of economic activities in the field of e-commerce.
 On the basis of the conducted scientific and legal analysis, the authors have developed proposals for improvement of domestic legislation in the sphere of regulation of economic activity in the sphere of electronic commerce. The prospects for the development of economic and legal relations in the field of electronic commerce in the modern conditions of the functioning of the digital economy are determined.

Communication in Emergency Situations – the Covid 19 Pandemic in Foster Families. Organization and Principles of Operation

The article contains the results of research on the organization and course of communication (contacts) in emergency situations, e.g., the COVID 19 pandemic (border closure, quarantine, social distance, epidemiological supervision). The conducted research concerned the contact of children in foster families in emergency situations with their natural parents with the use of electronic communication, which has been standardized by Polish law. The diversified involvement of natural parents in contacts as well as the low use of electronic communication means for contacts was indicated. The obtained research results make it possible to recommend the use of children in foster families in emergency situations with natural parents from electronic communication means in emergency situations, such as pandemics, epidemics, long-term separation in the vast majority of cases. Such solutions should be legally established as alternatives. The conducted research and analysis of results supplement the knowledge in the field of communication, education and organizational solutions for communication in emergency situations. The author, analyzing the common phenomenon of the effectiveness of contacts between natural parents and children staying in foster families in emergency situations, analyzed the involvement of the natural family and foster family from the perspective of emergency situations and the possibilities offered by electronic communication means.

Legal Protection Of International Business Transactions On Electronic Commerce (Ecommerce) Transaction Contracts

Along with the demand for international trade which is quite a lot, the technology and means of electronic communication are also developing. E-commerce is an electronic transaction that is very supportive in the economic field, especially international business transactions. International business transactions are a civil law study that provides greater opportunities for each party to make, agree on, and implement the contents of the agreements they make. With various technological advances, the world provides opportunities for the international community to establish relations between them. In line with these advantages, it is possible that there will still be deficiencies which will cause disputes between the contract makers. These problems can arise because of differences between them, such as in terms of culture, legal perspective, and so on. Therefore, parties from different countries must understand the contracts they make and pay attention to the laws in force in other countries before entering into certain contracts. To prevent unwanted legal consequences, a clear understanding of legal protection is required. This research method is a legal normative research with a statutory approach.

The Phenomenon of Cyber Bullying: Interpretation, Confrontation, and the Position of Islamic Law

This research dealt with the phenomenon of cyber bullying, indicating its causes and means of combating it, and the position of Islamic law towards it. However, its importance lies in the fact that it studies an extremely dangerous phenomenon that must be addressed, because of its devastating and dangerous effects that threaten society and its members. Moreover, it is necessary to reveal its causes and characteristics of its offenders, with the aim of developing policies that enable to confront it, in order to reach solutions to limit its spread, and help specialists and officials. in all fields to put those policies and solutions into practice.For this purpose, the researchers herein relied on the descriptive and analytical approaches.The research concluded a number of results, the most important of which are; Islamic law preceded the prohibition of bullying in all its forms, in order to protect the Muslim community from this phenomenon and its negative effects. Also, that the phenomenon of cyber bullying is one of the negative aspects of social networking sites. In addition, that the real motives driving cyber bullying behavior differ from one person to another, but in the end it reverts to the interaction of a group of internal and external factors. Based on these results, the researchers recommend the necessity of concerted efforts of the family, educational institutions and governments to address the phenomenon of cyber bullying, develop preventive measures and remedial measures to combat it comprehensively, and work to publish good media content that promotes the values of equality, love and tolerance, and devotes the concept of constructive social communication and its development, and contributes to reducing the impact of cyber bullying on society. In addition to imposing effective censorship on electronic means of communication, especially social media, obliging those in charge of them to monitor their users, and banning the accounts of those who re-practice cyber bullying, after alerting them the first time. Finally, enacting the necessary laws to define cyber bullying behaviors, and imposing heavy penalties on its perpetrators.

Psychological aspects of the formation of communicative competence among graduates of medical universities

One of the main competencies in the field of healthcare is the communicative competence of the individual. The profession of a doctor belongs to the activity of the subject-subject type (person-person), where interpersonal communication with patients and their relatives occupies a special place therefore, speaking about the communicative competence of a doctor as a professionally significant quality, we primarily mean the effectiveness of direct interpersonal communication [1]. At the same time, we note that the development of electronic means of communication allows us to talk about the tendency to reduce the role of direct interpersonal communication, as well as about the decrease of its component in the communicative competence of the individual, but, in our opinion, this applies to a lesser extent to the communicative competence of the doctor.

CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN VIA ELECTRONIC MEANS OF COMMUNICATION CONSIDERING SAUDI ARABIA'S ANTI-CYBER CRIME LAW

The spread of information networks and social media is one of the great blessings in our contemporary world. However, this great blessing is sometimes exploited badly by some weak souls in committing some information crimes, including the crime of sexual exploitation of children through electronic means of communication, and this crime has spread recently with the spread of modern means such as mobile phones and social networking sites such as WhatsApp, Facebook and others. The crime of sexual exploitation of children through electronic means of communication is one of the most heinous and worst crimes committed against children, which aim to harm the integrity and purity of their honor and they made them either as a commodity to achieve material profit by greedy merchants who lacked the spirit of humanity and morals, or an opportunity for him to satisfy the perverted instinct of a sick, abnormal person, who lacks the slightest degree of sound human instinct. In view of the aggravation of this crime across all countries of the world, many international conventions and conferences called for an end to the crime of sexual exploitation of children, and the countries urged to put in place strict laws to deter the perpetrators of these crimes and to ensure the psychological, physical and moral protection of the child, the Saudi regulator has ensured to eradicate this phenomenon by introducing legal texts in the Saudi cybercrime system to criminalize and punish the commission of crimes of sexual exploitation of children, in addition to educating the family and society about this phenomenon. Hence, I wanted to show this crime, its forms and elements, and the role of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in addressing this phenomenon.

PATRIOTISM OF THE SAMOAN YOUTH IN THE CONTEXT OF UNIVERSALIZATION OF GLOBAL VALUES. BASED ON RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN SAMOA

The main goal of this research paper is an attempt to interpret the concept of patriotism expressedby interviewed Samoans as a specific semantic and interpretive-narrative construction, embeddedin the historical and cultural conditions of the 21st century, as well as to identify its constitutivefeatures. As a result of her reflections, the author considers the patriotism of Samoan youth asa well-founded concept, in the context of the universalisation of values, as well as the possibility ofdeveloping this patriotism in the context of globalisation.The Author has demonstrated that Samoan youth is not indifferent to cultural universals, despiteattempting to co-create them in course of a multi-cultural dialogue and globalization processes.Thanks to electronic means of communication the young Samoan generation of the early 21stcentury has access to the values of global culture. At the same time, young people are avid advocatesof preserving and nurturing traditional culture.The results of research conducted by means of local observations and an interview questionnairein Samoa found clear support for the thesis that a process of universalization of cultural changesin specific areas of life has been occurring there. The type of authority was found to have beentransforming from a chief-tribal one into a state-family model (law and family) with a tendencytowards further democratization. The parochial political culture (clan and tribe) has been changinginto a servile culture (family and school), manifesting the tendencies of political transformationtowards a participatory culture. The dominance of men when it comes to the rights in public ortribal life has been also heading towards equality. The clan-tribal attitude toward a life territoryhas been transforming into a family-state attitude and forming as certain fatherland patriotism.The openness to the world which formerly was limited to sailing to other islands nowadaysencompasses the entire globe.

Clip thinking as a consequence of virtual communication: Pedagogical methods of neutralisation in foreign language lessons

The development of modern information and communication technologies has led to the fact that online communication has become almost the only means of feedback between teachers and students, but the clip thinking that results from virtual communication reduces attention, performance and quality of knowledge. The purpose of this research is to consider the specific features of virtual communication and clip thinking, to identify the challenges caused by the interaction of the phenomena of online communication and clip thinking, and to suggest ways to improve the effectiveness of the pedagogical process, in particular in foreign language lessons. The main research methods - analysis of new literary sources on the chosen subject, generalisation, specification and description of the results obtained. The research proves that the active interaction of Internet communication and clip thinking determines the need to mitigate the adverse effects and successfully transform their interaction into a positive one, in particular, by pedagogical methods. For the first time, the synthesis of clip thinking and virtual communication is considered, and specific ideas are presented to neutralise its certain adverse effects. It is established that the mediation of communication by electronic means of communication leads to quick thinking. It was identified that anonymity, the voluntariness of contacts and uncertainty of linguistic and social provisions - are the causes of linguistic minimalism and linguistic poverty, while convenience, synchronicity and asynchrony lead to the fact that learners have to do several things at once, and polyphony can cause any sign of clip thinking. It has been established that the replacement of non-verbal means of communication with emoticons leads to linguistic minimalism and poverty due to the inability to correctly describe one’s own emotions or inaccuracies in the emoticon. It is proved that the global intercultural nature of electronic communication due to the lack of knowledge of a foreign language can cause linguistic minimalism and poverty, and Internet communication with all its features leads to students’ preference for particular thinking. The study allows considering all the features discussed in the organisation of the pedagogical process and more carefully selecting methods of developing logical-conceptual and systemic thinking of adolescents, in particular, in foreign language lessons.

Consumer rights protection in digital contracts within the framework of the European Union

Having analyzed the mechanisms of consumer rights protection in the field of concluding electronic contracts, it is noted that there is no separate definition of the concept of this type of contract in EU law, instead the concept of a distance contract is used. EU law regarding the conclusion of contracts in electronic form allows the use of various forms of negotiations between the parties, which is the main feature of this type of contract. From this, we came to the conclusion that in the process of protecting the rights of consumers in the field of electronic commerce, it is appropriate to use the general concept of a distance contract and apply to it the norms arising from the legislation on the protection of consumer rights.
 It is indicated that at the EU level, the system of consumer protection in electronic contracts is horizontal in nature. Thus, the main Directives are Directive 2019/770 «On certain aspects of contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services» and Directive 2019/771 «On certain aspects of contracts for the sale of goods». Together with them, Directive 2011/83 «On Consumer Rights» (CRD) and the new EU Directive «On Better Implementation and Modernization of EU Consumer Rights Protection» (2019/2161/EU) apply when concluding contracts. General EU rules on consumer protection when using electronic payment methods were also established. In January 2018, the existing legal regulation was replaced by Directive No. 2015/2366 «On Payment Services in the Internal Market» (or PSD 2). PSD 2 introduced additional protections for online and mobile payments and strengthened security requirements, which in turn, along with other measures, provided additional guarantees for consumers’ rights to conclude and execute electronic contracts.
 It was noted that the judicial practice of the EU Court in the field of consumer rights protection also allows us to assert a constant increase in attention to ensuring more effective protection of the rights of consumers who are parties to electronic contracts. Among the essential mechanisms for guaranteeing the protection of consumer rights, the durable medium principle, which is widely used in judicial practice, means the possibility of using an electronic means of communication that is considered acceptable for providing information. as it allows the client to store information addressed personally to this client in a way accessible to him and for a period of time sufficient for the purposes of the information and which allows the unchanged reproduction of the stored information.
 The EU Directive «On Better Enforcement and Modernization of EU Consumer Protection» (2019/2161), part of the «New Deal for Consumers» package, improves the rules for digital developments, such as the transparency of online markets, aimed at guaranteeing equal rights of consumers to «free» digital services, ensuring transparency of consumer feedback, ensuring the possibility of submitting claims for price reductions.
 Thus, regulatory regulation and judicial practice in the field of EU consumer rights protection should be taken into account during normative design activities in Ukraine, during bringing legislation into line with EU law, as one of the priority areas of harmonization, and reflecting and taking into account changes in the methods of concluding agreements to guarantee sufficient mechanisms for the protection of consumer rights during the conclusion of electronic contracts.

Internal communication in enterprises located in Poland with the use of means of electronic communication – research findings

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to describe the means of electronic communication used by companies for internal communication, to rank them according to the frequency of use by organizations, and to identify the attributes of the organization affecting the frequency of use of these means. Design/methodology/approach: The article is based on a review of the literature in the field of organizational communication and own research. The research was conducted by means of a diagnostic survey among 225 companies located in Poland (16 provinces) using the CAWI technique and an author's survey questionnaire. Findings: The survey results illustrate the high and continuing popularity of e-mail communication and the untapped potential of tools designed for team and project work. No correlation was noted between the use of means of electronic communication with the scope of the company, the form of ownership of the company, the ownership capital and the respondent (manager, IT manager, owner, board member). The correlation related to the use of e-communication means and the size of the company appears only in the case of e-mail and electronic workflow systems. A similar relationship, but involving more electronic communication means, appears for the degree of computerization of the company. Research limitations/implications: A certain difficulty, already at the design stage of the survey, was the preparation of a list of means of electronic communication. There is not one in the literature that is exhaustive, disjointed and accepted by all. This fact points to the need for research and findings in this area. The risks accompanying the study are related to the development of technology and the obsolescence of specific communication tools. Originality/value: The paper is primarily of cognitive value. The findings allow those responsible for communication in an organization to confront the means of electronic communication used in their organization with those used by others. It also illustrates the untapped potential of electronic tools for team or project work. The results of the study can serve as a reference point for further comparative research. The paper draws attention to the area of intra-organizational communication, which is still unstable and under development in the Polish reality. Keywords: internal communication, means of electronic communication. Category of the paper: research paper.

Electronic Means of Communication as a Means of Remote Speech Therapy for Adult Stroke Survivors

The article discusses the types of strokes, general statistics and prevalence of strokes in the world and in Ukraine. The survey and tendencies to occurrence in younger people were carried out; the factors of stroke occurrence in young people have been studied. Statistics on the uneven distribution of strokes by gender were analyzed. It has been determined that women are at higher risk of suffering a severe or fatal stroke than men. The main reasons for such statistics are indicated. The main types of speech and language impairments that can occur after cerebral circulatory disorders are analyzed. The leading signs of aphasia, apraxia and dysarthria in adults have been identified. The definition of progressive apraxia of speech is revealed. It is established that these disorders occur due to damage to the language areas of the brain. The advantages of using electronic means of communication in speech-language therapy during quarantine restrictions and martial law in Ukraine are revealed. Software and messengers were characterised, such as Google Meet, Zoom, Teams, and Skype, that are used during distance and/or face-to-face sessions with a speech language pathologist. The main advantages of using these programs and the requirements for a speech language pathologist in the use of electronic means of communication are described. The concept of "social networks" and their impact on the rehabilitation of adult patients is revealed. The positive aspects of using social networks with adults during speech-language therapy, in particular Instagram and Facebook, are highlighted. Mobile applications are described as an additional means of restoring various aspects of speech, language and higher mental functions. It is noted that the current situation in the country, taking into account quarantine restrictions and martial law, can not provide full, continuous and quality speech language therapy in these cases, which leads to the conclusion that the lack of effectiveness of using exclusively traditional methods and techniques to compensate speech and language disorders caused by stroke, and encourages further search for ways to improve it by electronic means of communication. The author sees the need for a research aimed at studying the use of electronic means of communication in speech language therapy for people who have suffered a stroke.